Stress Management

Coping with Violence and Disasters
Strategies for Helping Children and Adolescents

References

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²Smith EM, North CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in natural disasters and technological accidents. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, eds. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Plenum Press, 1993; 405-19.

³March JS, Amaya-Jackson L, Terry R, Costanzo P. Posttraumatic symptomatology in children and adolescents after an industrial fire. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997; 36(8): 1080-8.

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⁹Duncan RD, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Hanson RF, Resnick HS. Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance abuse: findings from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1996; 66(3): 437-48.

¹⁰Boney-McCoy S, Finkelhor D. Prior victimization: a risk factor for child sexual abuse and for PTSD-related symptomatology among sexually abused youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995; 19(12): 1401-21.

¹¹Roth SH, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, Van der Kolk BA, Mandel FS. Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1997; 10(4): 539-55.

¹²Morrison JA. Protective factors associated with children's emotional responses to chronic community violence exposure. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse: A Review Journal, 2000; 1(4); 299-320.

¹³Smith EM, North CS, Spitznagel EL. Post-traumatic stress in survivors of three disasters. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1993; 8(5): 353-68.

¹⁴Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1998; 55(7): 626-32.

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¹⁶Stein MB, Hanna C, Koverola C, Torchia M, McClarty B. Structural brain changes in PTSD: does trauma alter neuroanatomy? In: Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, eds. Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 821. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1997; 76-82.

¹⁷Rauch SL, Shin LM. Functional neuroimaging studies in posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, eds. Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 821. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1997; 83-98.

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¹⁹De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Clark DB, Casey BJ, Giedd JN, Boring AM, Frustaci K, Ryan ND. Developmental traumatology part II: brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 1999; 45(10): 1271-84.

²⁰Golier JA, Yehuda R. Neuroendocrine activity and memory-related impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 1998; 10(4): 857-69.

²¹Cahill L. The neurobiology of emotionally influenced memory: implications for understanding traumatic memory. In: Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, eds. Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 821. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1997; 238-46.

²²Gold PE, McCarty RC. Stress regulation of memory processes: role of peripheral catecholamines and glucose. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, eds. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995; 151-62.

²³Yule W, Canterbury R. The treatment of post traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. International Review of Psychiatry, 1994; 6(2-3): 141-51.

²⁴Goenjian AK, Karayan I, Pynoos RS, Minassian D, Najarian LM, Steinberg AM, Fairbanks LA. Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997; 154(4): 536-42.

²⁵March JS, Amaya-Jackson L, Pynoos RS. Pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Weiner JM, ed. Textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1997; 507-24.

²⁶Murphy L, Pynoos RS, James CB. The trauma/grief-focused group psychotherapy module of an elementary school-based violence prevention/intervention program. In: Osofsky JD, et al., eds. Children in a violent society. New York: Guilford Press, 1997; 223-55.

²⁷Goenjian AK, Karayan I, Pynoos RS, Minassian D, Najarian LM, Steinberg AM, Fairbanks LA. Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997; 154(4): 536-42.

²⁸Deblinger E, Steer RA, Lippmann J. Maternal factors associated with sexually abused children's psychosocial adjustment. Child Maltreatment, 1999; 4(1): 13-20.

²⁹Bromet EJ, Goldgaber D, Carlson G, Panina N, Golovakha E, Gluzman SF, Gilbert T, Gluzman D, Lyubsky S, Schwartz JE. Children's well-being 11 years after the Chernobyl catastrophe. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2000; 57(6): 563-71.

³⁰McFarlane AC. Family functioning and overprotection following a natural disaster: the longitudinal effects of post-traumatic morbidity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 1987; 21(2): 210-8.

³¹Stuber ML, Nader KO, Pynoos RS. The violence of despair: consultation to a HeadStart program following the Los Angeles uprising of 1992. Community Mental Health Journal, 1997; 33(3): 235-41.

³²Pfefferbaum B, Nawaz S, Kearns LJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: implications for assessment, prevention, and referral in primary care. Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 1999; 92(7): 309-15.

³³Lipschitz DS, Winegar RK, Hartnick E, Foote B, Southwick SM. Posttraumatic stress disorder in hospitalized adolescents: psychiatric comorbidity and clinical correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999; 38(4): 385-92.

³⁴McCloskey LA, Walker M. Posttraumatic stress in children exposed to family violence and single-event trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999; 20(1): 108-15.

³⁵Ackerman PT, Newton JEO, McPherson WB, Jones JG, Dykman RA. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both). Child Abuse and Neglect, 1998; 22(8): 759-74.

³⁶Bell CC, Jenkins EJ. Community violence and children on Chicago's Southside. Psychiatry, 1993; 56(1): 46-54.

³⁷Bell CC, Jenkins EJ. Traumatic stress and children. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 1991; 2(1): 175-88.

Source: NIMH

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